Perforation
Perforation refers to the formation of a hole or tear in the wall of a hollow organ, most commonly occurring in the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. When perforation occurs, the contents of the gastrointestinal tract may leak into the abdominal cavity, potentially leading to infection and inflammation of the abdominal lining (peritonitis).
Understanding Gastrointestinal Perforation
The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for digestion and absorption of food. The walls of these organs normally keep the digestive contents contained within the digestive system.
Causes of Perforation
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Appendicitis
- Diverticulitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn’s disease)
- Infections
- Trauma or injury to the abdomen
- Complications from medical procedures (e.g., endoscopy)
- Intestinal obstruction
- Certain medications, such as long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Symptoms
Severe and sudden abdominal pain
Abdominal tenderness or rigidity
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation
Imaging Tests
- X-ray of the abdomen or chest (to detect free air)
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Ultrasound in selected cases
Treatment
Emergency Management
- Intravenous fluids
- Antibiotics
- Pain management
- Stabilisation of the patient
Surgical Treatment
- Primary repair of the perforation
- Removal of the affected section of the intestine
- Temporary or permanent stoma formation in certain situations
Possible Complications
- Peritonitis
- Sepsis
- Abscess formation
- Organ failure
When to Seek Medical Attention
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain
- Persistent vomiting
- Fever with abdominal tenderness
- Abdominal swelling with inability to pass stool or gas
Prompt assessment helps identify the underlying cause and determine the appropriate management.
About the Author of This Information
Dr. Rajeev Kapoor is a practicing surgeon based in Mohali, Punjab. He provides clinical services in the field of gastrointestinal, colorectal, and general surgery. This website is intended for informational and educational purposes only.
Disclaimer
The information provided on this page is for general educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Treatment decisions should be made after consultation with a qualified medical professional, based on individual clinical evaluation.